Explore in detail how Iago has brought about the change in Othello’s relationship with Desdemona in the first three acts of the play

In this essay, I will be exploring how Iago brought about the change in Othello up until act 3 of the play. This play is about a black Venetian soldier who elopes and marries a young white girl called Desdemona, who he shares an empathic case of mutual love that overcomes many prejudice and objections. But his love for her soon changes to jealousy and murderous thoughts created by Iago, his most â€Å"honest† ancient. Iago plants crude images of Desdemona and Cassio, his former lieutenant, having an affair, and this soon chases away all the sanity in Othello. Until the mid-point of the play, Othello composes himself in a dignified manner and expresses unbounded faith in the transcendent love that he shares with Desdemona, a bond that reaches over differences in race, age, and social status. Nevertheless, Othello begins to change his mind about his young wife in the corruption scene of Act III (scene iii) and by the end of the act, he has completely made up his mind about Desdemona's faith and trust, and from this point, Othello is completely preoccupied with the mission of avenging himself on Desdemona and Cassio for an adulterous affair Iago claims they are having. In Othello, many events are more significant than others because of mental or psychological reasons. Shakespeare uses images to give contrasted thoughts to different parts of the play. Another thing is how a character changes his feelings in a brief moment. In the play, examples of these are, how Othello changes his trust from person to person, from Desdemona to Cassio to Iago. Another is how he changes his opinion of Desdemona's faith. Also there are the mental changes of Iago and his motives. The first we hear of Othello and Desdemona being together is in Act 1 Scene 1, when Iago calls out to Brabantio, Desdemona's father. He calls â€Å"you're robbed† claiming that Othello has kidnapped Desdemona when, in actual fact, they have eloped. At this point, we get the impression that Othello and Desdemona are in a young, innocent, romantic love, but Iago calling â€Å"an old black ram is tupping your white ewe† ruins this perfect image. Here, Shakespeare uses crude sexual images and refers both Othello and Desdemona as animals, which makes their love sound profane and physical. Iago provokes Brabantio by telling him these graphic stories of Othello and Desdemona. No father wants to hear about his daughter like that, so it's obvious that Brabantio gets angry with Othello. When Othello hears of Brabantio's anger, it is here we hear him talk about Desdemona for the first time. We see that he really does â€Å"love the gentle Desdemona† and this is shown quite precisely in Act 1 Scene 3. Here, Othello assures the court Brabantio has summoned him to, that he has not won Desdemona's love through â€Å"spells and medicine† and â€Å"witchcraft†, but with tales of heroic defeats, and he loved her that â€Å"she did pity them†. Othello describes his courtship of Desdemona in a dignified and persuasive speech (76-93) that even the Duke is persuaded that this tale â€Å"would win† his daughter also. By his speech, it becomes clearer that Othello's love for Desdemona is not passion, but a love whose quality is reflected in his tone when he speaks – calmly, with dignity, serenity, simplicity and stature. While Brabantio is still not convinced, Othello believes in his and Desdemona's love so much, and their unbreakable bond of trust and faith that he asks the Duke to send for her, so that she may speak for him. This shows that he trusts his life â€Å"upon her faith† even to speak against her own father. It also shows that he sees her more as an equal than a presence of a woman, since he sends for her to speak in a court, in a time where women weren't that high on the power scale. Speaking to the court is when we are first introduced to Desdemona and realises that she is little more that a girl inexperienced in the way of the world who is taken in by Othello's stories. Desdemona speaks gently outlining an argument so strong that finishes the whole debate. Hearing her argument, you can't help but wonder if her love for Othello is submissive love, generated by seeing â€Å"his visage in his mind† and fuelled by her delight in his â€Å"honours† and â€Å"valiant parts†. She speaks so fondly of him, yet hardly knows him; nonetheless, as she defends her newly born love for Othello, she uses much personal language such as â€Å"me† and â€Å"I† portraying personal feelings, which makes her love much more convincing. â€Å"My heart subdu'd/ I saw Othello's visage in his mind/ Did I my soul and fortune consecrate†. O my fair warrior† shows the equality of Othello and Desdemona's relationship once again when the two arrive in Cyprus. In Cyprus (Act 2 Scene 3), Cassio starts a fight under the influence of alcohol and Iago's â€Å"master plan†. Because of this, Othello's evening with Desdemona is disturbed, and we see him for the first time, expressing the emotion of anger. Up until this scene, Othello has always been portrayed with calm and serenity, but here, his mood dramatically changes showing the audience how easily his emotions can be swayed and affected. This is proven again at lines 245-249. Here his mood drastically changes again from angry to calm when he sees Desdemona. Othello acts with embarrassment and disappointment to the situation and describes it a â€Å"Christian shame†, which is ironic, because he is yet to commit a sinful act. After the incident, Othello demotes Cassio, even though he is obviously a close friend of his, â€Å"Cassio I love thee, but nevermore be officer of mine†. This is strange because Othello trusted Cassio a great deal and was also close with him, and yet, he demoted him on the spot. This is a sign of how Othello's emotions can affect him and cloud his judgment, making him think on his feet and act spontaneously. At the start of Act 3 Scene 3, Cassio is first mentioned to Othello by Desdemona to play with his mind (non intentionally of course). His tone in this scene tells us that he is annoyed with her constant pester and her interest in Cassio by calling her an â€Å"Excellent wench†, but he â€Å"do love thee† still. We also see that Othello depends on Desdemona, maybe a little too much for it could cost his sanity. â€Å"And when I love thee not, chaos is come again†. He quotes â€Å"I deny thee nothing† which shows us that he cannot refuse her and he still cares for her deeply, and it almost assures the audience he always will. Desdemona is not a strong character, and lacks solidity in her persona, but, despite the fact of this, we see here that she is a huge weakness in Othello's character, even through his annoyance for her at this point. She is almost able to wrap him around her little finger without intending to, and Othello allows this to happen because of his love and his insecurities about it. From noticing Desdemona's unwariness of this, we might come to the conclusion that she could possibly seen as the type to liase around with other men. Yet we are most certain that she wouldn't, from the way she respects Othello and, regards him as first priority in her life, before her own father. The tragedy of love misunderstood is exposed at the end of Act 3 Scene 3, where we now see Othello in reverse role. Unlike in Act 1, Othello is able to think clearly and compose himself as polite, kind, and noble. Soft phrases and the use of a variety of literary devices such as, alliteration, pitiable stories, and flattering phrases towards Desdemona allow a calmer reflection of Othello. This is the contrary of how he acts at the end of Act 3. He seems to revert to his more primal nature of fighting and â€Å"glorious war†. War is a huge vulnerability to Othello, which we see when he finally accepts Iago's lies and is convinced that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. Here his first reactions are of death and destruction, as he makes sure that â€Å"Cassio's not alive†. Earlier in the scene, when first hearing of Desdemona's ‘affair', Othello seems quite intent on only believing Iago's words with some kind of proof. â€Å"I'll see before I doubt; when I doubt, prove† Yet Othello fails to keep his word as he becomes angered by the mere thought of his wife deceiving him. It is due to this, that Othello asks Iago to â€Å"set on thy wife to observe†. Basically he asks Iago to seek the truth, yet the truth never is found causing him to doubt. We see that Othello has doubt because of his soliloquy in this act. This is the first time he has one which surprises the audience and adds emotion and energy to Othello's character more than usual. This could be a sign of his emotions swaying unlike in the Acts before, where he always seems open and composed. His soliloquy shows that he is confused and no longer speaks his mind as he did in the previous acts. During this soliloquy, Othello doubts his marriage, regrets that he is black, notices he's much older, and he also doubt in himself. â€Å"Haply, I am black†, â€Å"I am declined the vale of years†, â€Å"O curse of marriage† Another sign of distrust is, when Desdemona asks Othello if he is â€Å"not well†, and Othello replies â€Å"I have a pain upon my forehead here† instead of saying what he thought, as he usually would. The horns he speak of may symbolise the horns a cuckold would possess, which is also a sign of Othello's mind wandering and doubting. You can tell that he is not self-assured and as confident as he once was. Shakespeare uses this technique to show us that Othello has lost his confidence and is no longer self-assured. As he becomes more and more angry his control through his speech begins to slip, no longer does he speak in long flowing sentences but now in exclamations, which hints at his loss of capability to loose his temper. He is also speaking in a similar way to Iago, This may symbolise that he has come to think in the same manner. These images show us the depth of Othello's jealousy, the woman he loved he now disparage. The change in Othello is very sudden. He makes a very quick transition from love to hate. In Act 3 Scene 3, Othello states, â€Å"if she be false, O then heaven mocks itself†. Yet only not long after, he says â€Å"I'll tear her into pieces†, and says that his mind will never change from this â€Å"tyrannous hate†. At the end of Act 3 Scene 3, we see that the relationship is no longer equal, and we see that Othello has risen above Desdemona and has belittled her. Othello treats her, and continues on treating her with great disrespect he would never have done before. Before, their relationship was mutual and equal but at this point in the Scene, Othello does not give Desdemona the chance to justify her actions, this reflects his egotistic, and is an example of how easily influenced he is. Iago is evil personified, and to say that he is motiveless in this play could be quite true, as the audience never get to know his one true motive as it mentally changes and progresses as the play develops. He is ruthless, sinister, and will stop at nothing. Iago is the whole reason why there is conflict in the play. All the problems caused are through Iago and his lies, treachery, manipulation, and deep mysterious hate, which is fuelled by jealousy and revenge and maybe love. A lot of motives there. He is a two faced liar smiting and betraying his fellow characters, while also being â€Å"honest Iago† as he wants to be known. He plays many parts of the story because of this. While at one point, he is the best comrade a person could have, yet another where he is a two faced, backstabbing liar. Throughout the play, we see him lie from one to the next, but he is only able to do this because he is shown to be a very accurate judge of character. He understands how everyone works, and how their minds function. He understand perfectly his â€Å"sick fool† Roderigo's vanity and foolish hopes. He knows that Desdemona's generous personality will lead her to plead on Cassio's behalf. He knows that Cassio's ambitiousness will lead him to use Desdemona to regain Othello's trust, and he knows that † the Moor is of a free and open nature/ that thinks men honest but seem to be so†. He knows all this yet he spins a web of lies (with consummate skill) to turn everyone against one another. In the play Othello, Iago influence and uses two people purely for leverage. One of those is Michael Cassio, who is in a very contradicting relationship with Iago. While Cassio trusts Iago and thinks that he has the best intentions for him in mind, Iago is actually plotting against him, persuading him with â€Å"good advice†, all in the while, ensnaring Cassio into a love innuendo he'd rather not be in. One of Iago's more successful schemes is within Act 2 Scene 3. This scene opens with Othello bidding Cassio to inspect the guard during the night. He also warns him â€Å"not to outsport discretion†. Ironically, Iago will trick him beyond discretion, leading to his fall in this scene, the most important aspect of Iago's plan. Cassio proves his noble nature early on in the scene by refusing Iago's persistent offer of wine, admitting that he â€Å"does not drink well†. Hearing this, Iago persists until Cassio finally gives in to his weakness. It takes Cassio â€Å"but one cup† to get drunk and gets into a fight with Roderigo. When Othello arrives on the scene Iago takes him aside and, being the persistent liar he is, pretends to be good friends with Cassio and pretends to care for him so that nothing will â€Å"wrong him†, nonetheless blaming him for everything, but subtly, subconsciously. By sticking up for him, Iago soon befriends Cassio and tells him to seek Desdemona and ask her to plead for his rank and trust back with Othello. This is the most important point of persuading Cassio, because this is the main leverage for the whole plan. Here, he knows that Cassio's ambitions will make him persistent and unaware of anything else, as does he know that Desdemona's loving nature will help him. Iago plays with the subconscious a lot, as it is a conniving and cunning way to persuade someone. This is also shown on his lackey, Roderigo. Iago also manipulates Roderigo, not part of any plan, but just as a lucky opportunity for money. For the foolish Roderigo, and his foolish hopes makes him an easy target for Iago. The phrase â€Å"put money in thy purse† repeatedly as Iago plays with Roderigo's subconsciousness, and installs in Roderigo, a sense of trust in Iago. This convinces him that Iago is helping him, and that he is plotting against Othello purely for â€Å"sport†. â€Å"Sport† makes the whole situation sound like a game, a bet perhaps, so therefore money doesn't seem like a big issue. Iago's soliloquies are probably just as important as anything else in the play, and he uses a lot of them. This allows us to see at once early on in the play, Iago's motives and intentions, and that some promises go no where, like with Roderigo and his plans to woo the â€Å"gentle Desdemona†. Through soliloquy is when the master of deception is open to the scrutiny of the audience, that we may admire, horrified, the progress of his scheming. We see that he is an opportunist and amoral, â€Å"the moor already changes with my poison†. In his soliloquies, Iago uses a level of expressiveness rarely presented in his public speeches such as, emotion, thoughts, and even insecurities, which are shown when he is convinced that Othello is sleeping with Emilia, his wife. In a soliloquy, Iago expounds the â€Å"divinity of hell†. He is delighted to see that his evil plan is working perfectly. Othello has many traits that make him naive and insecure, and Iago plays on this. â€Å"Ha! I like not that, sneaking away so guilty like†. This makes Othello question many things, but most of all, his marriage and his wife's faith â€Å"I think my wife be honest, and think she is not†, this shows that Othello is confused and questions himself, he shows hate for her but at the same time loves her. His mind rages from one extreme to the other in his fit of emotions showing he has lost his control. Desdemona is rich and noble, furthermore, she has gone out of her social sphere to marry Othello and he is aware of this. When he speaks of his marriage, there is a hint of uncertainty, like it's almost too good to be true. However, this insecurity is buried dormant and non fatal. It would not rise by itself to produce a tragedy, but needs someone who sees its existence and uses it. Iago plants jealousy into Othello, but its mostly Othello's pride that provides a fertile ground for these insecurities to nurture it's growth. Iago plays with Othello's uncertainty building it up by talking of jealousy and betrayal, â€Å"O, beware my lord, of jealousy! â€Å"/†It is the green eyed monster†, and then more specifically about the unnatural nature of their marriage â€Å"Her will, recoiling to her better judgement†. More importantly, he addresses jealousy as a major theme. The â€Å"green eyed monster† becomes a symbol representing Othello's dark feelings, a spectre lurking in his mind and beginning to steer his behaviour, while Iago lead him with lies â€Å"And will as tenderly be led by th'nose as asses are. † This creates an image of an animal being led away so easily by something so simple. Iago uses a serious case of reverse psychology just to build up the confusion and uncertainty in Othello. Iago says that Cassio is â€Å"honest†, which sets Othello off, and Iago's fake uncertainty in his tone makes Othello think that Cassio lies. Words such â€Å"sneak† and â€Å"guilty† sets the scene for private affair, and gets Othello's mind racing. Othello becomes suspicious and starts to get annoyed with Iago, as it seems Iago knows something and is not telling Othello, Othello says, â€Å"Show me thy thought†. By not telling Othello the â€Å"secret† not only makes him want to know even more, but it also makes Othello feel like an outsider, already he is separated from the group, but now even more as there are a secrets revolving around that he knows nothing of. These are all tactics, which Iago uses (among others) to break down Othello and all the people around him. One of his most successful tactics is how he drops hints about Desdemona and Cassio. He does this very well by not actually stating fictitious stories but by suggesting, and not giving Othello a clear image. This is somewhat worse because if his mind is left to wander and imagine, it can come up with the wrong answer. He also plays on the fact that Desdemona has already once deceived her father and â€Å"may thee†. This makes Othello question her faith and if he is first priority anymore. Othello trusts Iago because Iago puts forward the fact that he knows all and is a kind loyal friend for he says, and I quote â€Å"I am your own forever†, even though we all know he despises the moor. But this way, Iago gets into Othello's trustees list, which is a helpful asset to his plan. Gaining that trust, Iago acts out many sympathetic, expressive roles, gives much advice and fulfils Othello's greedy ears with what he wants to hear, therefore, proving his loyalty. Throughout the play, there is a steady stream of racism. It originates from not one, but rather several characters in the play. Most characters in the play exhibit some type of racism toward Othello. His blackness is not only a mark of his physical alienation but a symbol, to which every character in the play, he himself included, must respond. Iago and Roderigo speak the most obvious racial slurs against Othello. Roderigo refers to the â€Å"thick-lips†, â€Å"gross clasps of a lascivious moor†, and the â€Å"gross revolt† of Desdemona (Act 1 Scene 1). He also labels Othello as a â€Å"wheeling stranger†. Iago makes several references to Othello's race as well, referring to him as an â€Å"old black ram†, a â€Å"devil†, and a † Barbary horse†. This is also associated with excessive sexuality when Iago tells Brabantio that his â€Å"daughter and the Moor are [now] making the beast / with two backs†. This cultural perception contributes to the racist atmosphere; Othello's sexuality is connected to his race, which is perceived as degenerate and disgusting. Iago and Roderigo are not the only characters with outright disdain for Othello's race and culture. Brabantio also projects the negative images associated with blackness. Desdemona's father invites Othello to tell tales, but refuses to accept him as a son-in-law. Brabantio shows his anger when he refers to Othello as â€Å"too true and evil†, a â€Å"foul thief†, and â€Å"Damn'd†. He is disgusted that Desdemona would â€Å"run from her guardage to the sooty bosom / Of such a thing as thou–to fear, not to delight! † and â€Å"fall in love with what she fear'd to look on! † In addition, Brabantio claims that the only possible way Desdemona could fall in love with Othello is if he used black magic. These statements reveal a racism similar to that of Iago and Roderigo. Desdemona communicates an even more subtle form of racism. She falls in love with Othello not for his outward appearance but for his words. She states that she saw â€Å"Othello's visage in his mind†, but she does not say that she found his physical form attractive. By not referring to his physical state, Desdemona confirms her father's belief that she should fear to look on such blackness. Othello even attests to this when he agrees with Iago's statement that Desdemona â€Å"seem'd to shake and fear your looks†. All of these quotes suggest that even Desdemona realizes there is something unnatural about her love for Othello due to his physical appearance. The use, or lack thereof, of Othello's name is important for racial reasons as well. Calling someone by name is a sign of respect. The characters in the play sometimes refer to Othello by his name, but often by the term â€Å"Moor. † The amount of racial hostility the character has for Othello usually dictates the mode of address. Iago refers to Othello by name but only a few times in the play, usually when he is talking directly to him, while he calls him Moor over the rest of the play. Coincidence plays a big role in the play Othello, as everything happens almost out of coincidence. From Iago's plan, to being at the wrong place at the wrong time, everything adds up to coincidence. An example of this is when Cassio chooses to meet with Desdemona at that certain point in the play, just as Othello is returning. This is when Othello first has his doubts about Desdemona. Iago sees this and plays on that fact â€Å"Ha, I like not that/ he would sneak away so guilty like†. I think that Iago persuades Othello in a very convincing way. Although, the way that Othello changes so suddenly makes it less convincing. This may just be that he is a very naive character who â€Å"trusts men easily†. This may also be due to his insecurities. Iago knows Othello will never be completely embraced in society, and he knows that Othello also knows that. By playing on this, he skilfully convinces Othello that his wife might not love because of his race. Othello is obviously hurt by this and his change is drastic, yet somehow convincing. I think it's the way that you see all the persuasions and lies planned by Iago, then you watch it happen. This lets us understand and see the development.

New Questions About Common App Essay Samples Pdf Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report

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Sexual Media Portrayal And Its Influence - 1774 Words

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One of the first tactics that Rhodes used was by attacking the flaws of Organizations who blamed entertainment for the issues of violent behaviors. He claims that due to increased social control over the years has caused a decline in violence. Rhodes’ used thought-provoking tactics attempting to disprove that violence is influenced from the media instead he believes that violence is stem med

The Restorative Justice Approach Share Three Goals

What is restorative justice? Restorative justice is when youths that were affected by an incident choose to repair the damage that they committed, restore trust, and find a place in the community in which they can fit into society. Not only that, but one of their main focus is to build respectful relationships that can be noticed by everyone (Murthy, 2016, para. 2). The restorative justice approach shares three goals. These three goals are known as accountability, competency, and public safety. Accountability is responsible for making amends and reestablishes the losses to victims and communities. The purpose of accountability is not to obey a curfew, attending counseling, having interaction with a probation officer, or evade the usage of drugs. The full meaning of restorative justice is simply to take full responsibility for the actions that were committed (del Carmen Trulson, 2006, p. 446). The purpose of competency is basically doing something that’s going to value anot her person. Not doing an illegal crime doesn’t count as a standard for competency. Getting offenders involved in different activities would value the community. Activities that value the community are work, community service, dispute resolution, and community problem solving. All of these activities help rebuild the offender, victim, and of course the community (del Carmen Trulson. 2006, p. 446). The last one which is public safety helps offenders get more involved within the community throughShow MoreRelatedCurrent Situation Regarding Prisons and Punishment1775 Words   |  7 Pagesand outcomes; however they all maintain the same objective – to successfully punish offenders. 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No Cheating Free Essays

When taking an exam it shows how much you have or have not improved during a semester. When people have worked so hard to and studied so hard on an exam they should get the grade that they deserve . So when someone else has the same answers as the on who have been doing what they need to do to the one who lacks in their work red lights should be going off. We will write a custom essay sample on No Cheating or any similar topic only for you Order Now When someone cheats off another that person should get disciplined. It would not be fair to keep those in school that cheat they would need to be expelled from college. Any student caught cheating on an exam or paper should be dismissed from the college. In today’s generation some students want to get better grades without doing any work. Better grades could possibly mean better jobs and eventually more money. Student these days are cheating more than ever and that’s because getting a good education is basically a matter of economic life or death. Even some students with straight A’s cheat because they do not have the time to do the work carefully. That’s right, some students are just plain lazy and rather than study and work hard, they find it easier to cheat. These types of students do not want to read the chapters required for a test or they do not feel like typing a ten-page paper. Lazy students do not want to take the time to study and actually learn. They would rather sail through college on somebody else’s dime. Another reason students cheat is because of the pressure to succeed. Transitioning from high school to college is hard. The workload is overwhelming and more difficult, and some students often feel helpless and are afraid they will not do well. In college, the pressure to do well is even higher than in high school. It’s even harder for the nontraditional students to start back school when not being in school for so long to get it How to cite No Cheating, Papers

Human Resource Management Event Management Student

Questions: 1. Discuss the reasons, justifying why an event, such as Glastonbury Festival would seek to recruit volunteers as a major component of their workforce. Analyse the benefits and limitations associated with employment of volunteers at Glastonbury Festival. 2. Assess the reasons which would lead to lack of motivation amongst volunteers at Glastonbury Festival. Propose strategies, which should be used by HR Managers in order to increase motivation of volunteering staff. Answers: Introduction The Glastonbury Music Festival, where the music never stops. The worlds biggest music and arts festival just finished a couple of months back. The festival is a hub of music lovers who gather and camp all week long inside the Worthy Farm. The Worthy Farm is located in Pilton, Somerset, United Kingdom. The music festival also includes stages for theater, dance, art and craft and other forms of art. The Glastonbury Festival is an annual week-long festival attended by music lovers all around the world. This years attendance was 1, 75,000 people who only includes the general crowd excluding the volunteers and service personnel. The festival first started in 1970, a day after the death of Jimi Hendrix and was attended by around 1500 people. The first season ticket prices were a pound each and included on the house milk from the Worthy Farm. The festival is jointly sponsored by Oxfam, Greenpeace, and Water Aid for a global common cause. The festival is heavily reliant on the volunteers and stewards for properly coordinating the festival. The massive crowd support and enthusiasm draws huge crowds from all corners of the UK and the globe. The festival provides quality services to the attendees like electricity, water supply, sanitation and more importantly, quality music. 1. Justification for hiring of volunteers to steer the festival The Glastonbury festival is attended by almost 2, 00,000 people every year. The organizers of the event alone cannot manage such a large crowd(Armstrong and Armstrong, 2011). The crowd is often overwhelmingly large and chaotic. To manage and drive the revelers, the event organizers seek volunteer support. The volunteers are recruited before the event through online portals or forums seeking online registration. The volunteers are essential to the proper functioning of the event. The volunteers are responsible for manning the gates. There are some entrances for pedestrians through whom an overwhelming number of crowds always make entry and exits. So it is necessary for volunteers and stewards to be stationed at the entry points to prevent unauthorized access. The gateway to the events is multiple in numbers, and there are security cordons in place for proper surveillance of the premise(Askegren, 2005). All the attendees are required to carry nonglass material for food and beverages. T here are restrictions on other items which are not permissible inside the Worthy Farm. The volunteers man this security cordons to check the belongings of the revelers. The attendees of the event are required to fill an application in case any of their belongings are confiscated by the volunteers. After the completion of the week-long festival, the revelers upon production of the application form which they duly filled are returned their confiscated goods(Brahier and Speer, 2011). All these processes are managed and run by the volunteers. The volunteers are the people responsible for ensuring that all the required arrangements are in place. Some volunteers who are given the respite of not being posted at the entry gates to check tickets are allotted to specific bands and specific venues inside the Worthy Farm. The volunteers who are published at the music event manage the back stage and contact the band even before they may have landed at the kingdom and know their specific choices or preferences. Then the volunteer or volunteers make all the necessary arrangements and keep the desired arrangements(Gelder and Robinson, 2009). The volunteer also coordinates with the technical personnel involved in the setup and jointly identifies areas of concern and notifies the higher managers involved in managing the specific event. The stewards and volunteers are responsible for ensuring that there isnt any occurrence of an untoward incident during the revelation. The volunteers make sure that the crowds are moving in the correct file. The crowd management is an essential task in context to the management of such large events. The crowds often get too over enthusiastic and overwhelmed at an event. Its the responsibility of a volunteer to manage such an unruly crowd using efficient techniques like force and often persuasion(Huntington, 2007). Volunteers restrict the entrance of drunken, unruly crowds by often using force as the usual trick of persuasion doesnt work with high ly tipsy people. Volunteers are an important aspect of the music festival of Glastonbury since it is not possible for the event organizers to manage such a huge crowd. There are some different stages which blast music week long, without any breaks even for a second. Different stages appeal to various types of crowds seeking a particular genre of their interest. It is often the volunteers who must know exactly where to direct a particular crowd in the especially large venue of Worthy Farm. The volunteers must know the stages by heart and must know all existing infrastructure and routes through which to divert a crowd in case of emergencies and calamities(Lakin, Brown and Williams, 2001). People often are lost in the very large venue with no clue to lead them anywhere. The people are relieved to find volunteers who are ready to assist them in leading and helping them find their way. The need for volunteer ship in the week-long music event of Glastonbury is imminent and cannot be done away with. The event organizers cannot afford to keep employees under payroll for a whole year when the actual need is only a week long. It is economically unviable and will lead the company nowhere. The only option for the event organizers is to look for employees who would give their best and ready to part with their comfort for a week to make the event happen(Lawton, 2011). The organizers validate their efforts in finding the right mix of volunteers whom they havent ever met which is a serious concern for the organizers. They have no option but to hire the unknown people based on a single application form and recruit them for the event without even running a query with the criminal database. The volunteers over the years have kept their reputation intact by not doing any deeds that can inadvertently affect the events brand image. In short, the Glastonbury festival wouldnt have been the Glastonbury had it not been for the wholehearted participation of the volunteers(Manual on the measurement of volunteer work, 2011). 2. Causes of lack of motivation among the volunteers and ways to these problems The major concern that volunteers often face is of self-deprivation rather than monetary(Masterman, 2004). The volunteers have to report a day before the start of the festival. The volunteers have to be trained and guided by the event organizers who have dedicated cells to deal with volunteers. The event organizers make all efforts to train the volunteers and stewards as they are often referred to as in the festival lingo of Glastonbury Music Festival. The volunteers are offered wages in return for their services offered. The volunteers are given all required training and provided with a manual which guides them on the placement of stages and routes of specific venues within the Worthy Farm. The volunteers are paid wages in return of daily duties amounting to 12 hours from 8 am to 8 pm every day throughout the week-long festival(Mathis and Jackson, 2003). One aspect of the characteristics of several or most volunteers is that they came to the festival to earn some cash for a partying week long. That image of being a volunteer is shattered as nightfall occurs at the end of day one itself. The volunteer had certain aspirations while setting foot for the first time on the farm with implications of being paid to party. The 12-hour shift comprising of the hardest duties of manning the entrance points and checking tickets takes a huge toll on them(Mondy, Noe and Gowan, 2005). The volunteers at the start or on arrival are promised food twice during the day. Once, lunch is offered while the shift is ongoing and a warm meal upon nightfall. The rest they have to fend for themselves if they get time off to grab a bite or so. The lunch comprises dry bread which some say has to be at least a week old and some burger without ketchup. The supper is usually warm with cordial food but at the end of the twelve-hour shift, the volunteers are no doubt dead tired even to get out of their tent(Monteith et al., 2015). Another aspect of being a volunteer at the Glastonbury is being al lotted such a place to camp and put up the tent at such a place which is usually a 30 minutes walk from the location where ones shift ended. After a twelve hour stint as the gatekeeper of Worthy Farm and dealing with the rogue crowd the walk is as agonizing as being put to the fryers in hell. Furthermore, the luncheon tent is another 45 minutes walk from the location where volunteers are accommodated. After about making a couple of hours journey have something warm, the volunteers are so tired that some even carry sleeping bags to the food tent(MULES, 2004). Some are so tired that they choose to go without the company provided food and had something in their tents so that they can have a quick shut eye. After zipping their sleeping bags tight, volunteers fail miserably to catch even an hour of sleep. The sole cause is not known, but one can guess the reason amicably. The volunteers are deprived of their sleep due to loud music blasting out from almost everywhere. The volunteers firs t try to ignore them and go to sleep but fail miserably in their attempts to do so and end up partying all night long(Norman, 2007). After about a day or two, continuing these mad routine of duty and party afterward all night long, many are left without any power to even form complete sentences. Volunteers do not have any special sanitation options and have to use the systems that are in place for the general public. After about a day, all the seats are soiled and immersed in body fluids and filled to the brim. The issues faced by the volunteers are quite inhumane and seriously disheartening. Some of the measures that the Human resource team of the organizing committee must undertake before the start of next years event have to be conclusive and effective(Reid and Ritchie, 2011). The HR personnel needs to have a grievance handling cell which can redress any issues being faced by the volunteer. The HR must understand that volunteers toil day after day without receiving any special facilities. The demands of the volunteers are highly justified in the sense that they are entitled to receive. The event management has to have accommodations reserved for volunteers in ample numbers, even if they mean cutting down the number of guest accommodations. An exclusive volunteer toilet has to be in place with sanitation inspectors surveying the quality of hygiene. The volunteers must be presented with motivation tokens of appreciation like hot coffee or an energy bar free of cost to help motivate the individuals(Singh, 2009). The Human Resource personnel must always be readily availabl e to monitor the well-being and treatment of the volunteers who make the event happen by ensuring that all necessary systems are in place. Conclusion The Glastonbury music festival has been garnering enough crowd support to sustain its operation every year. The festival in its 46 years of lifetime and entertainment has conducted 33 sessions of the festival. The venue had although remained the same over its many editions. The festival had seen many bands and artists rise to worldwide popularity after performing on the stage of Glastonbury. The management of the event has been quite satisfactory regarding technicians and sound systems. But the event has always remained shoddy regarding health and hygiene and accommodations. The revelers upon conduction of a survey revealed that they wouldnt mind shelling a few extra bucks in return for a more comfortable stay at the camp. The volunteers had been instrumental in the efficient and smooth running of the event. The volunteers are the ones who made the event happen year after year since the Glastonbury music festivals inception. The Human resource personnel of the event management has gr ossly underestimated the value the volunteers bring to the event every year. Without their cooperation, there wouldnt be any festival in the first place. The Human Resource team must make hasty progress in their ways to formulating a framework for the better treatment of the volunteers who toil hard day after day during the week long revelation to organize the event. Bibliography Armstrong, M. and Armstrong, M. (2011). Armstrong's handbook of strategic human resource management. London: Kogan Page. Askegren, P. (2005). Human resource. New York: Ace Books. Brahier, D. and Speer, W. (2011). Motivation and disposition. Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Gelder, G. and Robinson, P. (2009). A Critical Comparative Study of Visitor Motivations for Attending Music Festivals: A Case Study of Glastonbury and V Festival. Event Management, 13(3), pp.181-196. Huntington, J. (2007). Control systems for live entertainment. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Focal Press. Lakin, C., Brown, S. and Williams, M. (2001). Noise monitoring at Glastonbury Festival. Noise Vibration Worldwide, 32(5), pp.12-14. Lawton, L. (2011). Introduction: Special Issue on Sustainability in the Event Management Sector. Event Management, 15(4), pp.313-314. Manual on the measurement of volunteer work. (2011). GeneÃÅ'â‚ ¬ve, Switzerland: International Labour Office. Masterman, G. (2004). Strategic sports event management. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Mathis, R. and Jackson, J. (2003). Human resource management. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-western. Mondy, R., Noe, R. and Gowan, M. (2005). Human resource management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Monteith, M., Burns, M., Rupp, D. and Mihalec-Adkins, B. (2015). Out of Work and Out of Luck? Layoffs, System Justification, and Hiring Decisions for People Who Have Been Laid Off. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(1), pp.77-84. MULES, T. (2004). CASE STUDY EVOLUTION IN EVENT MANAGEMENT: THE GOLD COAST'S WINTERSUN FESTIVAL. Event Management, 9(1), pp.95-101. Norman, T. (2007). Integrated security systems design. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Reid, S. and Ritchie, B. (2011). Risk Management: Event Managers' Attitudes, Beliefs, and Perceived Constraints. Event Management, 15(4), pp.329-341. Singh, R. (2009). Event management. Chandni Chowk, Delhi: Global Media.

United Nations Essays (933 words) - Environmentalism,

United Nations The UN attempts to follow universal ideals, but at this point it is not fully universal and still reflects some great power interests because of economic situations. This can be clearly seen in the environmental issues. The problem is that the UN does not have enough power internationally to fully contain the issue. The trouble is that the developing countries and the developed countries do not agree on main points, and this leads to a division. When the UN was first established, ?the UN Charter makes no mention of environmental protection (Roberts and Kingsbury, 327).? One of the shortcomings of the League, which the UN was founded on, was the lack of environmental interest. The turning point was in the 1972 Conference of Human Environment. This conference stated that all human beings had the right to live in a clean world. This was the beginning of environmental awareness in the UN. After this the UN attempted to integrate environmental concern into the system. The UN was equipped with five economic commissions for different regional areas; Africa, Latin America, Western Asia, Asia and the Pacific, and Europe. Along with promoting economic development they also dealt with environmental issues. The European branch has been the most active. This shows the beginning of great power interests. By 1972 many countries had begun to establish their own environmental organizations. The separate states decided that at this time they should try to unite under the UN to make policies international. One of the main problems was that the governments had different thoughts on environmental concerns verses developmental concerns. The developing countries were concerned that the economic costs would slow their developments, along with the restrictions placed on them that developed countries did not have to deal with when they were developing. In the past, the greater powers were able to develop more freely as there were no restrictions placed on them. They had the freedom to pollute the world, as they did not know the harm they were causing the environment. Now, because of greater knowledge and damage around the world, restrictions need to be placed on all the countries in the world. The problem with environmental issues is that one country can damage something like the ozone layer, which ends up affecting the whole world and not just that one country. The 1992 conference, UNCED, on environment was a landmark. It recognized dangers of deforestation and global warming. Both of these are global problems that need to be solved, making environmental issues international concerns. One of the main problems with the UNCED was that its sponsorship was by donor governments along with major companies and foundations. This gave greater powers more say as they donated more money, while the lesser powers disagreed with many of the issues. The UNCED was not as successful as it had hoped to be. The main problem was that the greater powers saw environmental issues as not that big of problems, easily solved by restricting certain tests, chemical usage, and the destruction of nature. The countries had developed enough that they did not need to do extensive research in potentially dangerous areas. The developing countries saw these movements as a great threat on their advancements. Without being able to learn for themselves they felt that they were being treated unfairly. Along with that, they wanted to spend their money on furthering their country instead of helping solve environmental issues that did not need to be solved immediately. These problems created a divide between northern and southern countries. The South felt that their sovereignty was being threatened by the North, as the North had more technology, more knowledge, more access to natural resources, and most importantly, more economic power. The lesser-developed countries did not see it as fair that they had to help and spend money on issues such as global climate control as it was the more industrial countries that created the damage. Also the developing countries have not had the chance to acquire the experience that the other countries have. The latest attempt at universal environmental reform was at Kyoto. The countries gathered together and formed the Kyoto treaty. The treaty did not address issues such as when or where the clean