Understanding Earth and its History

We live in an interesting time that allows us to explore the solar system with robotic probes. From Mercury to Pluto (and beyond), we have eyes on the sky to tell us about those distant places. Our spacecraft also explore Earth from space and show us the incredible diversity of landforms our planet contains. Earth-observing platforms measure our atmosphere, climate, weather, and study the existence and effects of life on all the planets systems. The more scientists learn about Earth, the more they can understand its past and its future.   The name of our planet comes from an Old English and Germanic term eorà °e. In Roman mythology, the Earth goddess was Tellus, which means the fertile soil, while the Greek goddess was Gaia, terra mater, or Mother Earth. Today, we call it Earth and are working to study all its systems and features.   Earths Formation Earth was born  some 4.6 billion years ago as an interstellar cloud of gas and dust coalesced to form the Sun and rest of the solar system. This is the birth process for all stars in the universe. The Sun formed at the center, and the planets were accreted from the rest of the material. Over time, each planet migrated to its present position orbiting the Sun. The moons, rings, comets, and asteroids were also part of solar system formation and evolution. Early Earth, like most of the other worlds, was a molten sphere at first. It cooled and eventually its oceans formed from water contained in the planetesimals that made the infant planet. Its also possible that comets played a role in seeding Earths water supplies.   The first life on Earth arose some 3.8 billion years  ago, most likely in tidal pools or on the seabeds. It consisted of single-celled organisms. Over time, they evolved to become more complex plants and animals. Today the planet hosts millions of species of different life forms and more are being discovered as scientists probe the deep oceans and polar ices. Earth itself has evolved, too. It began as a molten ball of rock and eventually cooled. Over time, its crust formed plates. The continents and oceans ride those plates, and the motion of the plates is what rearranges the larger surface features on the planet. The known contents of Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North and South America, Central America, and Australia, are not the only ones Earth has had. Earlier continents are hidden underwater, such as Zealandia in the south Pacific.   How Our Perceptions of Earth Changed Early philosophers once put Earth at the center of the universe. Aristarchus of Samos, in the 3rd century B.C.E., figured out how to measure the distances to the Sun and Moon, and determined their sizes. He also concluded that Earth orbited the Sun, an unpopular view until Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus published his work called  On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres  in 1543. In that treatise, he suggested a heliocentric theory that Earth was NOT the center of the solar system but instead orbited the Sun. That scientific fact came to dominate astronomy and has since been proven by any number of missions to space. Once the Earth-centered theory had been put to rest, scientists got down to studying our planet and what makes it tick. Earth is composed primarily of iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, nickel, sulfur, and titanium. Just over 71% of its surface is covered with water. The atmosphere is 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, with traces of argon, carbon dioxide, and water. People once thought Earth was flat, but that idea was put to rest early in our history, as scientists measured the planet, and later on as high-flying aircraft and spacecraft returned images of a round world. We know today that Earth is a slightly flattened sphere measuring 40,075  kilometers around at the equator. It takes 365.26 days to make one trip around the Sun (commonly called a year) and is 150 million kilometers away from the Sun. It orbits in the Suns Goldilocks zone, a region where liquid water can exist on the surface of a rocky world.   Earth has only one natural satellite, the Moon at a distance of 384,400 km, with a radius of 1,738 kilometers and a mass of 7.32 Ãâ€" 1022  kg. Asteroids 3753 Cruithne and 2002 AA29 have complicated orbital relationships with the Earth; theyre not really moons, so astronomers use the word companion to describe their relationship with our planet.   Earths Future Our planet will not last forever. In about five to six billion years,  the Sun will begin to swell up to become a red giant star. As its atmosphere expands, our aging star will engulf the inner planets, leaving behind scorched cinders. The outer planets may become more temperate, and some of their moons could sport liquid water on their surfaces, for a time. This is a popular meme in science fiction, giving rise to stories of how humans will ultimately migrate away from Earth, settling perhaps around Jupiter or even seeking out new planetary homes in other star systems. No matter what humans do to survive, the Sun will become a white dwarf, slowly shrinking and cooling over 10-15 billion years. Earth will be long gone.   Edited and expanded by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Questions On Google s Article On Facebook - 1181 Words

4 Must-Dos to Improve Your Innovation Capabilities By Christelle Espinasse | Submitted On June 04, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Christelle Espinasse I would rather make the mistake of moving too fast than make no mistake and move too slow - Larry Page, Google s CEO Despite a plethora of business literature on how to improve innovation, it remains an elusive endeavour for many executives. Strategic advice ranges from how to come up with better ideas (e.g. opened innovation, crowdsourcing, etc), how to set it up (e.g. cross-functional teams, separate exploratory units, etc), how to establish funding mechanisms (e.g. venture capital arms, separate funding, etc), how to sharpen execution (rapid prototyping, gate-funding, etc) to name just a few - but all assume that all businesses face the same obstacles. In reality, any improvements to innovation are contingent upon company specific factors to be identified first before ways can be developed to address them. Such factors include the magnitude of the technological opportunity, the intensity of competition, the growth in core markets or the degree to which customer needs are being met, just to name a few.Show MoreRelatedQuestions On Google s Article On Facebook Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesWhen to Sell Your Business By Michael Fekkes | Submitted On January 14, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Michael Fekkes Every business will eventually change ownership and the decisionRead MoreQuestions On Google s Article On Facebook881 Words   |  4 PagesHow to Organize Your Garage By Gary Green | Submitted On January 22, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Is your garage packed to the gills with boxes full of things unknown and bins of stuff that shouldRead MoreQuestions On Google s Article On Facebook973 Words   |  4 PagesHow to Fix Your Credit Yourself By David Neman | Submitted On August 26, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest 1 You can pay a credit repair company to fix your credit, but if you re willing to investRead MoreQuestions On Google s Article On Facebook Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesSimple Tips to Moving On and Moving Up By Joy Brugh | Submitted On April 13, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook 1 Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Joy Brugh Relationships with family, loved ones, significant others, childrenRead MoreIs Facebook Making Us Lonely?1236 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 151- RW October 11, 2015 Facebook and Loneliness Are people still feeling lonely even though they are connected online? 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Primary Concerns of Macroeconomic Analysis - 722 Words

Macroeconomic Analysis Discuss the three primary concerns in macroeconomics analysis Three primary concerns about the US economy include the massive amounts of stimulus, the large number of unemployed from the last recession and the stock market rising to all time highs. These areas are interconnected with each other. As each one plays an important role in determining the underlying amounts of economic strength and the potential of the US seeing a longer term recovery. In the case of the stimulus, a total of $13 billion dollars was spent supporting consumer spending and encouraging growth through different federal projects. This was accomplished by offering consumers with a $787 million tax refund and encouraging programs to shore demand in select areas (such as: Cash for Clunkers). At the same time, the Federal Reserve has engaged in a program to keep borrowing costs artificially low. This was achieved at first through purchasing mortgage backed securities. (Amadeo, 2013) (Fed Sticks with Stimulus Plan, 2013) However, the challenges impacting spending on the federal level meant that there has been across the board budget cuts for many agencies. This has resulted in the Federal Reserve directly buying even more mortgage backed securities and government bonds. Moreover, they have reduced the Federal Funds rate to historic lows. These actions are designed to ensure that consumers, home buyers and businesses can receive additional loans. 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Compare the Northern and Southern Colonies in Social,...

The Southern colonies were a very diverse and unique type of settlement. They had their own views and life styles that were like nothing ever seen before. The Southern colonies were dependant on their crops and invented and established many new ways to get the job done The Southern colonies were first established by adventures looking for gold. England sent these early settlers to America as their form of colonization. Many of the other world powers at the time had already established many colonies in different parts of the world. When the first settlers arrived in America they were disappointed by the lack of gold there was to be found. They first arrived in the South and all they saw was marshy wetlands. England was about to â€Å"pull†¦show more content†¦The Black slaves were used and immune to the European diseases. They were hard workers and eventually slave trade became a major factor in the growth of the South. The Black African slaves arrived in America by a tradin g passage that was often referred to as Triangle Trade. American merchants took fish and lumber to the West Indies and traded them for molasses. Molasses was a thick brown liquid made from sugar cane and used for the production of rum. From there the merchants took the molasses and traded it with the West Africans for slaves which were shipped back to the West Indies and America through the Middle Passage. The Middle Passage was the last leg of the trip by sea in which the African slaves rode in the cargo hold of the ship until it reached the West Indies or America. This trip could last up to 2-3 months. The slaves were kept in the cargo hold and were packed so tightly that there was no room to sit or stand. Many of the slaves died in the middle passage for one of three things. Many died of asphyxiation because of how hot the air was in the cargo hold. Some died of starvation, but most died of diseases. When the ship reached the Americas the slaves would be auctioned off never to se e their families again. Slave labor made the Planter Class very rich but because of the dependency on the land and slaves there was a really small middle class. The social structure broke down like this the elite or Planter Class madeShow MoreRelatedProfessional Competence Presentation1133 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material North American Colonies Project Part 1: Native American Resources Access and review the Early Native Peoples interactive map link available through the HIS 110 [pic] page. Study the map identifying the regional distribution of Native Americans (also located in Ch. 1). Using the grid, identify the seven regions. 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Components of Fitness Coursework Free Essays

The health of someone is the state of mental, physical and social well being they are in. Most people think of health as a person who has or hasn’t got a disease and illness. There are two main types of fitness that make up the way a person is, these are: physical fitness and motor fitness. We will write a custom essay sample on Components of Fitness Coursework or any similar topic only for you Order Now Getting your fitness to its maximum and maintaining it is a very important and often difficult as it requires a lot of thought, time and effort. Athletes who over-train their bodies become weaker and are more likely to get diseases and illnesses. The components of physical fitness are reaction time, power, agility, balance, flexibility and co-ordination. The meaning of strength is â€Å"the ability to exert a force against a resistance†. An example of this is the strength needed by a weight lifter to lift a 200kg barbell. Mariusz Pudzianowski , the world’s strongest man champion of 2008, has to train himself to lifting extremely heavy things such as cars, people, etc. some body builders also take steroids to improve their performance in many sports. This is considered illegal and the sports person that does this is disqualified from the sport they have taken part in. There are 3 different types of strength. The types of strength are: * Maximum strength – the greatest force that is possible in a single maximum contraction * Elastic strength – the ability to overcome a resistance with a fast contraction * Strength endurance – the ability to express force many times over Flexibility is the ability to perform a joint action through a variety of movement. The objective of flexibility training is to improve the range of movement a person can perform. In any movement there are two groups of muscles at work: * The main muscles which cause the movement to take place * opposing the movement and determining the amount of flexibility are the opposed muscles Alina Kabaeva is one of the world’s most famous Russian athletes for being very flexible and is Russia’s most successful gymnast. She improves her skills by training with her coach and by increasing the body joints to its full performance. Endurance is a muscle’s ability to perform a maximum stamina time after time. An example of this is when somebody runs a race and is able to keep going from the start to the end. The objective of endurance is to develop stamina in a person’s body for a long period of time. Speed is the quickness of movement. This is used in all types of sports in tackling and running. Speed is one of the main components of fitness. Sprinting is also included in speed. Sprinting is when a person uses all the energy they have left in them to increase their speed drastically. This is usually used at the end of a race after staying at a steady pace to save energy. Usain Bolt, the world’s fastest man since the Olympics 2008 has been able to train himself to run at extreme speeds through various types of training, a healthy lifestyle and body composition In fitness, body composition describes the percentages of fat, bone and muscle in a person’s body. Because muscle tissue takes up less space in our body than fat, both our body composition and our weight, determines the body composition. For example, if an obese person was to race an athlete that was in a healthy state, the person with more weight would lose because there is too much fat compared to his or her bone and muscle. Co-ordination is the ability to carry out a group of movements smoothly and efficiently. All sports need the coordination of eyes, hands and feet. Racket sports like tennis involve all coordination’s of hands, eyes and feet. There are a few drills which can improve your hand-eye co-ordination like catching tennis balls in none hand for a minute and then changing hands. You can practice them on your own or with someone else but keep concentrating and you’ll notice the difference. Tim Henman, Great Britain’s number one tennis player has to do drills like this daily to improve his hand-eye co-ordination. Balance is the ability to control the body’s position, either stationary or while moving. If this is done correctly, a person will be able to complete a series of moves without falling. Balance is usually used in sports like gymnastics or athletics. Sally Gunnell is an athlete that improves her balance by improving her motor skills. Another way to improve your balance is by improving posture. If this is done well, There could be a great improvement in balance. Agility is the ability to perform a series of explosive power movements in rapid succession in opposing directions. In various fields of sports competition, the body is constantly asked to perform movements from unfamiliar joint angles. If these are done correctly, the body is able to respond quickly to different angles that are needed in sporting events. An example for a sport that involves agility is athletics or on a trampoline. You can improve your agility by practicing the movements in training. An athlete that needs this for their profession is Dame Kelly Holmes Power is the ability to do strength performances quickly using almost all of your energy and normally with heavy things. The main parts of the body used in the process are the arm muscles as well as the legs to help the person balance themselves. Power is mainly used in sports involving lifting things that are heavy such as the hammer throw in the Olympics. An athlete that has done this in the Olympics is Alex Smith. The final component for skill related fitness is reaction time. This is the time taken to respond to a stimulus. An example would be reacting to the starting pistol at the start of a 100m race. It important in many sports and activities and depends on the nervous system mostly. This can be improved through practice or training. Different people have different reaction times because of the nervous system. A person with good reaction time is Usain Bolt. Alcohol, smoking and drugs all affect a sports performer’s lifestyle in negative ways. George Best died of liver failure because of his drinking problems and this ruined his life before as well. It earlier stopped him from playing football before he had a transplant. Some people use steroid pills, gels, creams, or injections because they think steroids can improve their sports performance or the way they look. Nathan Allen was banned from the Olympic gamed this year because of the steroid pills she took to enhance her performance. She has been banned for two years. This type of drug abuse can get a person banned from any sport there if it is found out. There have been many top athletes who smoke. Zinedine Zidane, a famous French football player caused a small gossip when he was photographed before an important 2006 World Cup game smoking a cigarette. Smoking can wreck your lungs and reduce oxygen available for muscles used during sports. They also run slower and can’t run as far, affecting overall athletic performance. This affects people’s performance in a negative way as it could possibly end their career. Despite all the tobacco use on TV and in different types of media, no athlete does smoke as it could change their lives completely by making them lose all fame and fortune! Many athletes sleep poorly during the night before a major competition or after crossing several time zones to compete, but most athletes aren’t sure exactly how this loss of sleep will affect their performances. One problem in figuring out how no sleep influences exercise ability and scientists or doctors don’t completely understand sleep itself. Too much sleep is not good for you but neither is no sleep is worse. If a performer doesn’t sleep, his performance in a game will be poor and can be removed from the team. How to cite Components of Fitness Coursework, Papers

Cost and Career Paths free essay sample

In at least one paragraph, which of these two career paths is more interesting to you? In your response, be sure to address the following: factors that influenced your choice, like family concerns, housing or finances how your choice may change over time how this career path compares to the future job you had in mind before the survey Two career paths that are more interesting to me is radiology and anesthesiology. What factors my choice would definitely be my family.I know hey want me to be successful and think something along the medical field would be great. My choice may change over time depending on what am doing with my life at the time. All my life vive set my head to be a pharmacist but this year I was so unstable with my career choice. Almost to the point where was freaking out. Im currently working at a retail place and it changed what I want to do with my life. We will write a custom essay sample on Cost and Career Paths or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dont want a boring job behind a counter all day. So Im still thinking about my career and its scary coming closer to radiation.In at least one paragraph, how do the potential costs and benefits of each career path affectedly choice? Potentials cost and benefits of each career path affects my choice because the amount of income will be making depends on how much can spend. It will benefit me by saving more, but will have to lessen what would like to buy. If I get a higher paying job with a higher degree then I will be able to spend money on what want to. I could afford to eat out more than would with a lower paying job.