Project Monitoring And Control Information Technology Essay

Project Monitoring And Control Information Technology Essay Project monitoring is the observation and supervision for those in the management team to detect and react appropriately to deviation and changes to a project plan. By monitoring the progress, the management teams are able to determine how far the project has proceeded and whether it has met the completion expectation or re-forecast the expectations originally set out in projects plan. One way to succeed in monitoring projects while maintain a positive progress of the project is the need to do a report detailing their observation. However, this report needs to be done in a frequency (continuously, regularly, logically, etc.) so that the management hierarchy can exercise their control without stepping on the responsibilities of other levels.1 Other than report, monitoring project can also be done through meetings with clients and parties involved in the project (contractor, supplier, etc.) at a regular basis to keep track of the progress. Monitoring alone, however, will not be effective in managing a project without control. With the combine effect of monitoring and control of a project, managing team will be able to move towards its final decision where corrective actions and decision will be made to pull the project back onto its original objective.1 Monitoring and control helps to make sure the projects position with respect to the nine functions of project management: Scope, cost, time, quality, risk, communications, procurements, human resources and integration. In short, if the project is off course, then control in the form of corrective action must be applied if possible corrective action can take the form of re-planning, reprogramming, or reallocating resources or changing the way project is managed and organized. Impact of Project Monitoring and Control: Project monitoring and control is a crucial system that is used widely by organizations. Monitoring and controls of a project with the nine functions scope, cost, time, quality, risk, communications, procurements, human resources and integration allows the management team to note the progress of the project whether they are in the original objectives. An organization operating without a project monitoring and control system is considered a risk that will eventually lead to its failure. In term of cost, if there are no proper monitoring and control, the company will be paying more for a resource compared to one that is carefully monitored and controlled because without control, the team might be paying more, when comparing prices from different contractors and make sure the prices are within project budget. Naturally without monitoring and control, time will be an aspect that cannot be avoided. Without monitoring and control, work may be repeated because of a fault or delay in the process, such as delayed in delivery by a contractor or a source that didnt pass quality control. Therefore they will consume more time to accomplish. Lack of Motivation. Motivation is defined as a pull and push forces, which result in unpredicted behavior of human directed towards their goals.2In the aviation industry, motivation is used to ensure employees have the intensity and direction of which is geared towards flight safety.   Aviation is a huge industry that involves huge number of employees of different department that have work for a different goal to each other but it will ultimately involves the safety of its passengers and pilots. Employees such as pilot, flight crew, engineer and technicians would have done the similar tasks repetitively and could claim they have enough experience to complete their task without fail yet under different circumstances; human factor will still play a role in maintaining the quality of the performance of all employees. The working environment plays a major role in effecting employee performance. 3In a working environment having a hot working environment will de-motivate employees performance. However, pilot faces a more serious environment factors as they need to take into account of flying in an aircraft loaded with technological environment. Be it the design of the equipment and flight control, displays/interface characteristics and task factors a pilot need to be very focus and well-motivated in order to maintain the quality of their performance in such a harsh environment. The condition of an employee is a common problem that almost all organizations face. This factor involves mental condition of the employee, which negatively affects performance of the task, such as mental fatigue, pernicious attitude. This is perhaps the most important factor because personal issues cannot be governed by their employers.   Impact of lack of Motivation. Employees are an organizations needs to function. An organization whose employees have not been motivated is vulnerable to both company and personal challenges because its employees are not pushing themselves further to maintain the stability which ultimately means they are underperforming. Therefore, lack of motivation equates to less work being accomplished. It does not however, mean there is no productivity coming from the employees; it can be said that they the productivity are transfer to aspects not related to their work. Simple things like internet surfing while at work and taking longer break time for lunch will cost the organization time and money. Low employee motivation due to unpleasant working environment can also impact how existing and potential clients/partners view on working with such an organization.3When employees are lacking motivation due to unpleasant working environment for instance a salary cut or no incentives. The consequences of such action would normally cause what we know as going on strike. When that happen, the organizations reputation to their clients/partners will plunge downward and the forces clients/partners to reconsider signing any contract with such an organization. This organization will suffer greatly in terms of the quality of work being produced and slowed production rate. Project Monitoring and Control, and Motivation Case: 4 On 3rd Oct 2006, European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company (EADS) announce the delay in the production of Airbus A380 Aircraft which will push back the delivery of this aircraft by 2 years. An estimated loss of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2.8 billion in pre-tax earnings between 2006 and 2010 has been revealed. In June 2006, Airbus acknowledges that they had underestimated the amount of work to be done to finish up the installation of the electrical harnesses into the forward and rear sections of the fuselage. The reason of this long delay was contributed by the complexity of the aircrafts electrical wiring system. The root cause was the fact that a new 3D digital mock-up, which facilitates the design of the electrical harnesses installation was implemented late as well as the people working on the aircraft was still in their learning curve, the problem arises when the internal wiring of the aircraft in the fuselage section which has been changed and reconfigure several times during its produc tion. The thousands of cables embedded inside the fuselage were wrongly configured and delivered. This case can been describe by 2 project failure factors: Project Monitoring and Control: The management team was at fault for this reason. During the installation process, there was no frequent inspection on the wiring configuration and only after installing thousands of wire then they realize the problem theyll be facing. If the management team had set up an inspection team to do a more frequent inspection on the installation the problem could have resolved earlier and minimizing losses. If monitoring and control has been properly managed, the risk of such an incident would have been minimized. Motivation: Human factor is ultimately related to motivation and one of the main problems with the wiring problem rise from those who are installing them in the aircraft be it the technician and engineer. In another report, it was explained by the chief executive Christian Streiff Beyond the complexity of the cable installation, the root cause of the problem is the fact that the 3D digital mock-up, which facilitates the design of the electrical harnesses installation, was implemented late and that the people working on it were in their learning curve. He stated clearly that the people working on it were in their learning curve. Knowing that they were in their learning curve, the people should be more aware that they are not experience in this new installation process and should be more aware that they need more supervision and review on this installation process. If worker are motivated enough, they wouldve seek the necessary assistance to advise them appropriately so that they will be able to c ontinue without any problem. Project Monitoring and Control Strategy: Earned Value Management System An established project management principles and techniques such as Earn Value Analysis (EVA) can be used to monitor and control a project.5 Earned value analysis is a method that measure performance that uses work in progress to forecast what will happen to the project in the future. In short, it is an early warning program/project management and suitable for project monitoring and control. Earned value analysiss aim is to use cost to determine a projects progress. Three quantities form the basis for the cost performance measurement using earned value management. They are Budgeted cost of work scheduled (BCWS) or Planned Value (PA), Budgeted Cost of Work Performed(BCWP) or Earned Value (EV) and Actual Cost of work Performed(ACWP) or Actual Cost(AC). From these three bases, managers can determine the projects budget as well as make a determination of schedule and cost performance and provide an estimated cost of the project at its completion. By cross referencing each of this data to a work breakdown structure, a network diagram, it can indicate how the project should be carried out and thus giving a sense of control to project leader. Cost performance index (CPI) and Schedule Performance Index (SPI) give an early warning to project leader using data from the 3 bases. Cost performance for instance is the ratio of cost of work performed (BCWP) to actual cost (ACWP). A CPI ration of 1.00 implies that the actual cost is within the estimated cost. Greater than 1.0 indicates work is accomplishes with less cost than what was expected. CPI below 1.0 indicates the project is currently over budget and require project leader to take control of the situation. Motivation Strategy: Motivation is a powerful tool that can help project members to perform better and produce higher quality of work, so project management team need to make a concerted effort at planning, establishing and maintaining a motivated team through recognition and rewards. There are 2 motivational theories which can be used to effective run a project team. Maslows Hierarchy: Motivational theories such as Maslows hierarchy, it explained that human beings are motived by unsatisfied needs, and that lower factors needs to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied.6 According to Maslow, these deficiencies needs are explained: Physiological Motivation: Provide ample breaks for lunch and  recuperation and pay  salaries that allow workers to  buy lifes essentials. Safety Needs: Provide a working environment which is safe, relative job security, and freedom from threats. Social Needs:  Generate a feeling of acceptance, belonging, and community by reinforcing team dynamics. Esteem Motivators: Recognize achievements, assign important projects, and provide status to make employees feel valued and appreciated. Self-Actualization:  Offer challenging and meaningful work assignments which enable innovation, creativity, and progress according to long-term goals.7 When this deficiency is satisfied, only then can a person act unselfishly and they will be able to act independently and take responsibility of their actions. With such a team member, any organization will be able to run a project with high confidence and expect a higher quality of work produced. The Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory: Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory , also known as a Two factor theory, explain that the factors that lead to job dissatisfaction are completely separate from the factors that motivate employees and they are known as the hygiene factors and motivating factors.7 Herzberg finding explain that by adding hygiene factors, it may decrease job dissatisfaction but it will not motivate employees. Employees are motivated only when they feel a sense of job satisfaction is in place. We can assume that with motivation factors in present, satisfied employees can generally be more productive. The picture below states what motivation and hygiene factors are. Figure 1. Monitor/Hygiene factors. Source: http://www.pmroadtrip.com/files/PMRoadTrip_V4Ch09.pdf Both Maslows Hierarchy and Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene theory can be used in the same project team. Having the Maslows hierarchy theory, we are actually adding the 2 factors which are mention in Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory. In short, by combining the two theories, we increase the chances of having a motivated project team. By using this system, we can avoid having a demotivated team that can increase the chance of project failure due to human factor such as the one described in the case study above, costing both time and money to an organization. Through such a system, future organization can source a team of motivated members capable of increasing the quality of work done, at the same time allowing organization to have an increased profit gain with less time wastage which cost more to operate. When problem do rise, these team will be able to discuss and solve problem more quickly and effectively.

Explore in detail how Iago has brought about the change in Othello’s relationship with Desdemona in the first three acts of the play

In this essay, I will be exploring how Iago brought about the change in Othello up until act 3 of the play. This play is about a black Venetian soldier who elopes and marries a young white girl called Desdemona, who he shares an empathic case of mutual love that overcomes many prejudice and objections. But his love for her soon changes to jealousy and murderous thoughts created by Iago, his most â€Å"honest† ancient. Iago plants crude images of Desdemona and Cassio, his former lieutenant, having an affair, and this soon chases away all the sanity in Othello. Until the mid-point of the play, Othello composes himself in a dignified manner and expresses unbounded faith in the transcendent love that he shares with Desdemona, a bond that reaches over differences in race, age, and social status. Nevertheless, Othello begins to change his mind about his young wife in the corruption scene of Act III (scene iii) and by the end of the act, he has completely made up his mind about Desdemona's faith and trust, and from this point, Othello is completely preoccupied with the mission of avenging himself on Desdemona and Cassio for an adulterous affair Iago claims they are having. In Othello, many events are more significant than others because of mental or psychological reasons. Shakespeare uses images to give contrasted thoughts to different parts of the play. Another thing is how a character changes his feelings in a brief moment. In the play, examples of these are, how Othello changes his trust from person to person, from Desdemona to Cassio to Iago. Another is how he changes his opinion of Desdemona's faith. Also there are the mental changes of Iago and his motives. The first we hear of Othello and Desdemona being together is in Act 1 Scene 1, when Iago calls out to Brabantio, Desdemona's father. He calls â€Å"you're robbed† claiming that Othello has kidnapped Desdemona when, in actual fact, they have eloped. At this point, we get the impression that Othello and Desdemona are in a young, innocent, romantic love, but Iago calling â€Å"an old black ram is tupping your white ewe† ruins this perfect image. Here, Shakespeare uses crude sexual images and refers both Othello and Desdemona as animals, which makes their love sound profane and physical. Iago provokes Brabantio by telling him these graphic stories of Othello and Desdemona. No father wants to hear about his daughter like that, so it's obvious that Brabantio gets angry with Othello. When Othello hears of Brabantio's anger, it is here we hear him talk about Desdemona for the first time. We see that he really does â€Å"love the gentle Desdemona† and this is shown quite precisely in Act 1 Scene 3. Here, Othello assures the court Brabantio has summoned him to, that he has not won Desdemona's love through â€Å"spells and medicine† and â€Å"witchcraft†, but with tales of heroic defeats, and he loved her that â€Å"she did pity them†. Othello describes his courtship of Desdemona in a dignified and persuasive speech (76-93) that even the Duke is persuaded that this tale â€Å"would win† his daughter also. By his speech, it becomes clearer that Othello's love for Desdemona is not passion, but a love whose quality is reflected in his tone when he speaks – calmly, with dignity, serenity, simplicity and stature. While Brabantio is still not convinced, Othello believes in his and Desdemona's love so much, and their unbreakable bond of trust and faith that he asks the Duke to send for her, so that she may speak for him. This shows that he trusts his life â€Å"upon her faith† even to speak against her own father. It also shows that he sees her more as an equal than a presence of a woman, since he sends for her to speak in a court, in a time where women weren't that high on the power scale. Speaking to the court is when we are first introduced to Desdemona and realises that she is little more that a girl inexperienced in the way of the world who is taken in by Othello's stories. Desdemona speaks gently outlining an argument so strong that finishes the whole debate. Hearing her argument, you can't help but wonder if her love for Othello is submissive love, generated by seeing â€Å"his visage in his mind† and fuelled by her delight in his â€Å"honours† and â€Å"valiant parts†. She speaks so fondly of him, yet hardly knows him; nonetheless, as she defends her newly born love for Othello, she uses much personal language such as â€Å"me† and â€Å"I† portraying personal feelings, which makes her love much more convincing. â€Å"My heart subdu'd/ I saw Othello's visage in his mind/ Did I my soul and fortune consecrate†. O my fair warrior† shows the equality of Othello and Desdemona's relationship once again when the two arrive in Cyprus. In Cyprus (Act 2 Scene 3), Cassio starts a fight under the influence of alcohol and Iago's â€Å"master plan†. Because of this, Othello's evening with Desdemona is disturbed, and we see him for the first time, expressing the emotion of anger. Up until this scene, Othello has always been portrayed with calm and serenity, but here, his mood dramatically changes showing the audience how easily his emotions can be swayed and affected. This is proven again at lines 245-249. Here his mood drastically changes again from angry to calm when he sees Desdemona. Othello acts with embarrassment and disappointment to the situation and describes it a â€Å"Christian shame†, which is ironic, because he is yet to commit a sinful act. After the incident, Othello demotes Cassio, even though he is obviously a close friend of his, â€Å"Cassio I love thee, but nevermore be officer of mine†. This is strange because Othello trusted Cassio a great deal and was also close with him, and yet, he demoted him on the spot. This is a sign of how Othello's emotions can affect him and cloud his judgment, making him think on his feet and act spontaneously. At the start of Act 3 Scene 3, Cassio is first mentioned to Othello by Desdemona to play with his mind (non intentionally of course). His tone in this scene tells us that he is annoyed with her constant pester and her interest in Cassio by calling her an â€Å"Excellent wench†, but he â€Å"do love thee† still. We also see that Othello depends on Desdemona, maybe a little too much for it could cost his sanity. â€Å"And when I love thee not, chaos is come again†. He quotes â€Å"I deny thee nothing† which shows us that he cannot refuse her and he still cares for her deeply, and it almost assures the audience he always will. Desdemona is not a strong character, and lacks solidity in her persona, but, despite the fact of this, we see here that she is a huge weakness in Othello's character, even through his annoyance for her at this point. She is almost able to wrap him around her little finger without intending to, and Othello allows this to happen because of his love and his insecurities about it. From noticing Desdemona's unwariness of this, we might come to the conclusion that she could possibly seen as the type to liase around with other men. Yet we are most certain that she wouldn't, from the way she respects Othello and, regards him as first priority in her life, before her own father. The tragedy of love misunderstood is exposed at the end of Act 3 Scene 3, where we now see Othello in reverse role. Unlike in Act 1, Othello is able to think clearly and compose himself as polite, kind, and noble. Soft phrases and the use of a variety of literary devices such as, alliteration, pitiable stories, and flattering phrases towards Desdemona allow a calmer reflection of Othello. This is the contrary of how he acts at the end of Act 3. He seems to revert to his more primal nature of fighting and â€Å"glorious war†. War is a huge vulnerability to Othello, which we see when he finally accepts Iago's lies and is convinced that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. Here his first reactions are of death and destruction, as he makes sure that â€Å"Cassio's not alive†. Earlier in the scene, when first hearing of Desdemona's ‘affair', Othello seems quite intent on only believing Iago's words with some kind of proof. â€Å"I'll see before I doubt; when I doubt, prove† Yet Othello fails to keep his word as he becomes angered by the mere thought of his wife deceiving him. It is due to this, that Othello asks Iago to â€Å"set on thy wife to observe†. Basically he asks Iago to seek the truth, yet the truth never is found causing him to doubt. We see that Othello has doubt because of his soliloquy in this act. This is the first time he has one which surprises the audience and adds emotion and energy to Othello's character more than usual. This could be a sign of his emotions swaying unlike in the Acts before, where he always seems open and composed. His soliloquy shows that he is confused and no longer speaks his mind as he did in the previous acts. During this soliloquy, Othello doubts his marriage, regrets that he is black, notices he's much older, and he also doubt in himself. â€Å"Haply, I am black†, â€Å"I am declined the vale of years†, â€Å"O curse of marriage† Another sign of distrust is, when Desdemona asks Othello if he is â€Å"not well†, and Othello replies â€Å"I have a pain upon my forehead here† instead of saying what he thought, as he usually would. The horns he speak of may symbolise the horns a cuckold would possess, which is also a sign of Othello's mind wandering and doubting. You can tell that he is not self-assured and as confident as he once was. Shakespeare uses this technique to show us that Othello has lost his confidence and is no longer self-assured. As he becomes more and more angry his control through his speech begins to slip, no longer does he speak in long flowing sentences but now in exclamations, which hints at his loss of capability to loose his temper. He is also speaking in a similar way to Iago, This may symbolise that he has come to think in the same manner. These images show us the depth of Othello's jealousy, the woman he loved he now disparage. The change in Othello is very sudden. He makes a very quick transition from love to hate. In Act 3 Scene 3, Othello states, â€Å"if she be false, O then heaven mocks itself†. Yet only not long after, he says â€Å"I'll tear her into pieces†, and says that his mind will never change from this â€Å"tyrannous hate†. At the end of Act 3 Scene 3, we see that the relationship is no longer equal, and we see that Othello has risen above Desdemona and has belittled her. Othello treats her, and continues on treating her with great disrespect he would never have done before. Before, their relationship was mutual and equal but at this point in the Scene, Othello does not give Desdemona the chance to justify her actions, this reflects his egotistic, and is an example of how easily influenced he is. Iago is evil personified, and to say that he is motiveless in this play could be quite true, as the audience never get to know his one true motive as it mentally changes and progresses as the play develops. He is ruthless, sinister, and will stop at nothing. Iago is the whole reason why there is conflict in the play. All the problems caused are through Iago and his lies, treachery, manipulation, and deep mysterious hate, which is fuelled by jealousy and revenge and maybe love. A lot of motives there. He is a two faced liar smiting and betraying his fellow characters, while also being â€Å"honest Iago† as he wants to be known. He plays many parts of the story because of this. While at one point, he is the best comrade a person could have, yet another where he is a two faced, backstabbing liar. Throughout the play, we see him lie from one to the next, but he is only able to do this because he is shown to be a very accurate judge of character. He understands how everyone works, and how their minds function. He understand perfectly his â€Å"sick fool† Roderigo's vanity and foolish hopes. He knows that Desdemona's generous personality will lead her to plead on Cassio's behalf. He knows that Cassio's ambitiousness will lead him to use Desdemona to regain Othello's trust, and he knows that † the Moor is of a free and open nature/ that thinks men honest but seem to be so†. He knows all this yet he spins a web of lies (with consummate skill) to turn everyone against one another. In the play Othello, Iago influence and uses two people purely for leverage. One of those is Michael Cassio, who is in a very contradicting relationship with Iago. While Cassio trusts Iago and thinks that he has the best intentions for him in mind, Iago is actually plotting against him, persuading him with â€Å"good advice†, all in the while, ensnaring Cassio into a love innuendo he'd rather not be in. One of Iago's more successful schemes is within Act 2 Scene 3. This scene opens with Othello bidding Cassio to inspect the guard during the night. He also warns him â€Å"not to outsport discretion†. Ironically, Iago will trick him beyond discretion, leading to his fall in this scene, the most important aspect of Iago's plan. Cassio proves his noble nature early on in the scene by refusing Iago's persistent offer of wine, admitting that he â€Å"does not drink well†. Hearing this, Iago persists until Cassio finally gives in to his weakness. It takes Cassio â€Å"but one cup† to get drunk and gets into a fight with Roderigo. When Othello arrives on the scene Iago takes him aside and, being the persistent liar he is, pretends to be good friends with Cassio and pretends to care for him so that nothing will â€Å"wrong him†, nonetheless blaming him for everything, but subtly, subconsciously. By sticking up for him, Iago soon befriends Cassio and tells him to seek Desdemona and ask her to plead for his rank and trust back with Othello. This is the most important point of persuading Cassio, because this is the main leverage for the whole plan. Here, he knows that Cassio's ambitions will make him persistent and unaware of anything else, as does he know that Desdemona's loving nature will help him. Iago plays with the subconscious a lot, as it is a conniving and cunning way to persuade someone. This is also shown on his lackey, Roderigo. Iago also manipulates Roderigo, not part of any plan, but just as a lucky opportunity for money. For the foolish Roderigo, and his foolish hopes makes him an easy target for Iago. The phrase â€Å"put money in thy purse† repeatedly as Iago plays with Roderigo's subconsciousness, and installs in Roderigo, a sense of trust in Iago. This convinces him that Iago is helping him, and that he is plotting against Othello purely for â€Å"sport†. â€Å"Sport† makes the whole situation sound like a game, a bet perhaps, so therefore money doesn't seem like a big issue. Iago's soliloquies are probably just as important as anything else in the play, and he uses a lot of them. This allows us to see at once early on in the play, Iago's motives and intentions, and that some promises go no where, like with Roderigo and his plans to woo the â€Å"gentle Desdemona†. Through soliloquy is when the master of deception is open to the scrutiny of the audience, that we may admire, horrified, the progress of his scheming. We see that he is an opportunist and amoral, â€Å"the moor already changes with my poison†. In his soliloquies, Iago uses a level of expressiveness rarely presented in his public speeches such as, emotion, thoughts, and even insecurities, which are shown when he is convinced that Othello is sleeping with Emilia, his wife. In a soliloquy, Iago expounds the â€Å"divinity of hell†. He is delighted to see that his evil plan is working perfectly. Othello has many traits that make him naive and insecure, and Iago plays on this. â€Å"Ha! I like not that, sneaking away so guilty like†. This makes Othello question many things, but most of all, his marriage and his wife's faith â€Å"I think my wife be honest, and think she is not†, this shows that Othello is confused and questions himself, he shows hate for her but at the same time loves her. His mind rages from one extreme to the other in his fit of emotions showing he has lost his control. Desdemona is rich and noble, furthermore, she has gone out of her social sphere to marry Othello and he is aware of this. When he speaks of his marriage, there is a hint of uncertainty, like it's almost too good to be true. However, this insecurity is buried dormant and non fatal. It would not rise by itself to produce a tragedy, but needs someone who sees its existence and uses it. Iago plants jealousy into Othello, but its mostly Othello's pride that provides a fertile ground for these insecurities to nurture it's growth. Iago plays with Othello's uncertainty building it up by talking of jealousy and betrayal, â€Å"O, beware my lord, of jealousy! â€Å"/†It is the green eyed monster†, and then more specifically about the unnatural nature of their marriage â€Å"Her will, recoiling to her better judgement†. More importantly, he addresses jealousy as a major theme. The â€Å"green eyed monster† becomes a symbol representing Othello's dark feelings, a spectre lurking in his mind and beginning to steer his behaviour, while Iago lead him with lies â€Å"And will as tenderly be led by th'nose as asses are. † This creates an image of an animal being led away so easily by something so simple. Iago uses a serious case of reverse psychology just to build up the confusion and uncertainty in Othello. Iago says that Cassio is â€Å"honest†, which sets Othello off, and Iago's fake uncertainty in his tone makes Othello think that Cassio lies. Words such â€Å"sneak† and â€Å"guilty† sets the scene for private affair, and gets Othello's mind racing. Othello becomes suspicious and starts to get annoyed with Iago, as it seems Iago knows something and is not telling Othello, Othello says, â€Å"Show me thy thought†. By not telling Othello the â€Å"secret† not only makes him want to know even more, but it also makes Othello feel like an outsider, already he is separated from the group, but now even more as there are a secrets revolving around that he knows nothing of. These are all tactics, which Iago uses (among others) to break down Othello and all the people around him. One of his most successful tactics is how he drops hints about Desdemona and Cassio. He does this very well by not actually stating fictitious stories but by suggesting, and not giving Othello a clear image. This is somewhat worse because if his mind is left to wander and imagine, it can come up with the wrong answer. He also plays on the fact that Desdemona has already once deceived her father and â€Å"may thee†. This makes Othello question her faith and if he is first priority anymore. Othello trusts Iago because Iago puts forward the fact that he knows all and is a kind loyal friend for he says, and I quote â€Å"I am your own forever†, even though we all know he despises the moor. But this way, Iago gets into Othello's trustees list, which is a helpful asset to his plan. Gaining that trust, Iago acts out many sympathetic, expressive roles, gives much advice and fulfils Othello's greedy ears with what he wants to hear, therefore, proving his loyalty. Throughout the play, there is a steady stream of racism. It originates from not one, but rather several characters in the play. Most characters in the play exhibit some type of racism toward Othello. His blackness is not only a mark of his physical alienation but a symbol, to which every character in the play, he himself included, must respond. Iago and Roderigo speak the most obvious racial slurs against Othello. Roderigo refers to the â€Å"thick-lips†, â€Å"gross clasps of a lascivious moor†, and the â€Å"gross revolt† of Desdemona (Act 1 Scene 1). He also labels Othello as a â€Å"wheeling stranger†. Iago makes several references to Othello's race as well, referring to him as an â€Å"old black ram†, a â€Å"devil†, and a † Barbary horse†. This is also associated with excessive sexuality when Iago tells Brabantio that his â€Å"daughter and the Moor are [now] making the beast / with two backs†. This cultural perception contributes to the racist atmosphere; Othello's sexuality is connected to his race, which is perceived as degenerate and disgusting. Iago and Roderigo are not the only characters with outright disdain for Othello's race and culture. Brabantio also projects the negative images associated with blackness. Desdemona's father invites Othello to tell tales, but refuses to accept him as a son-in-law. Brabantio shows his anger when he refers to Othello as â€Å"too true and evil†, a â€Å"foul thief†, and â€Å"Damn'd†. He is disgusted that Desdemona would â€Å"run from her guardage to the sooty bosom / Of such a thing as thou–to fear, not to delight! † and â€Å"fall in love with what she fear'd to look on! † In addition, Brabantio claims that the only possible way Desdemona could fall in love with Othello is if he used black magic. These statements reveal a racism similar to that of Iago and Roderigo. Desdemona communicates an even more subtle form of racism. She falls in love with Othello not for his outward appearance but for his words. She states that she saw â€Å"Othello's visage in his mind†, but she does not say that she found his physical form attractive. By not referring to his physical state, Desdemona confirms her father's belief that she should fear to look on such blackness. Othello even attests to this when he agrees with Iago's statement that Desdemona â€Å"seem'd to shake and fear your looks†. All of these quotes suggest that even Desdemona realizes there is something unnatural about her love for Othello due to his physical appearance. The use, or lack thereof, of Othello's name is important for racial reasons as well. Calling someone by name is a sign of respect. The characters in the play sometimes refer to Othello by his name, but often by the term â€Å"Moor. † The amount of racial hostility the character has for Othello usually dictates the mode of address. Iago refers to Othello by name but only a few times in the play, usually when he is talking directly to him, while he calls him Moor over the rest of the play. Coincidence plays a big role in the play Othello, as everything happens almost out of coincidence. From Iago's plan, to being at the wrong place at the wrong time, everything adds up to coincidence. An example of this is when Cassio chooses to meet with Desdemona at that certain point in the play, just as Othello is returning. This is when Othello first has his doubts about Desdemona. Iago sees this and plays on that fact â€Å"Ha, I like not that/ he would sneak away so guilty like†. I think that Iago persuades Othello in a very convincing way. Although, the way that Othello changes so suddenly makes it less convincing. This may just be that he is a very naive character who â€Å"trusts men easily†. This may also be due to his insecurities. Iago knows Othello will never be completely embraced in society, and he knows that Othello also knows that. By playing on this, he skilfully convinces Othello that his wife might not love because of his race. Othello is obviously hurt by this and his change is drastic, yet somehow convincing. I think it's the way that you see all the persuasions and lies planned by Iago, then you watch it happen. This lets us understand and see the development.

New Questions About Common App Essay Samples Pdf Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report

New Questions About Common App Essay Samples Pdf Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report Never put off tomorrow what you could do today. Nearly every second problem linked to politics is a great selection. Taking practice tests was the sole method that allowed me to raise my score. Your capacity to be exact is essential for keeping the term count low. Which is the reason why you require an angle. So, determine where you're on that bell curve. Life, Death and Common App Essay Samples Pdf If you're one of the almost 1000 students every month who look for Common App Essay examples, you're certainly doing the appropriate thing, as there's a lot that you're able to learn from essay examples bad essays along with good one. Be aware you do not need to have solved the issue, and a few of the greatest essays will explore problems that have to be solved later on. A personal essay provides the reader a glimpse of your private life experience. You're writing a colle ge application essay, and you should know about your audience. The term limit on the essay will stay at 650. As soon as I cut and paste that exact same essay into the Personal Essay text box of the most important application, the term count suddenly becomes 594. This makes sure there's a normal length for all of the essays a college receives, irrespective of formatting or font. This informative article will appear at the criteria that generally makes for a wonderful personal statement whilst giving you an enormous collection of successful essays that were accepted at a lot of different institutions. If you found the essay that we've reviewed within this article a little daunting you aren't alone. There are some essential things that go into an amazing Common App essay. Figuring out your college essay can be among the most troublesome pieces of applying to college. Make sure the essay does not include a single error. Don't have another person write your essay, nor wait to compose your essay. Irrespective of which essay prompt you address, it's critical to give yourself time to think of the info you're conveying and what it reveals about you. A wonderful essay will reveal that you're the sort of person who can bounce back and learn from an experience. The History of Common App Essay Samples Pdf Refuted The admissions committee would like to know more than only the problems you've enduredthey are interested in your travels toward your objectives. In truth, it can be just the opposite. So, even when you're pretty sure in your claim, and the bulk of individuals have a tendency to support it, think about the arguments of the opposing side. Hence, you ought to take time out to clean up your social networking accounts so there's nothing that raises an eyebrow. If your dream of being a specialist in the health care department, you've got to experience long years of studying. Last, there are lots of technology companies out there which are making a positive effect in everybody's daily lives. The procedure for your experience is crucial. So make the most of your capacity to say things fast. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. I will create a distinct post and video on this subject in early March. Skip topics which people have a tendency to agree on. In general, there's no single correct topic. Don't forget that the Common App provides you with creative license. College presents students with lots of chances and challenges. It is going to change you.

Sexual Media Portrayal And Its Influence - 1774 Words

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